LNG Fundamentals

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1. 1

   What LNG Is and Why It Exists

   • Natural Gas Turned into a Liquid
   • Why LNG Exists: Moving Gas Where Pipelines Cannot Reach
   • The LNG Value Chain from Gas Field to Customer
   • The Global LNG Industry
2. 2

   LNG Composition and Properties

   • What LNG Is Made Of
   • Density, Temperature and Boil-Off
   • How LNG Vapour Moves and Burns
   • Units and Measures in the LNG Business
3. 3

   Pre-Treatment and Liquefaction

   • Feed Gas and Inlet Facilities
   • Pre-Treatment: Removing What Would Freeze or Corrode
   • How a Refrigeration Cycle Works
   • Liquefaction Processes: Cascade, C3MR and Nitrogen Expander
   • Cryogenic Heat Exchangers, Compressors and Drivers
   • Small-Scale and Floating LNG
4. 4

   Storage, Marine Transfer and Shipping

   • LNG Storage Tanks: Containment Types
   • Handling Boil-Off Gas at Plants and Terminals
   • Stratification and Rollover in LNG Tanks
   • Ship–Shore Transfer: Jetties and Loading Arms
   • LNG Carriers: Moss and Membrane Ships
5. 5

   Receiving Terminals, Regasification and the LNG Market

   • Inside a Receiving Terminal
   • Vaporisers: ORV, SCV and Other Types
   • Floating Storage and Regasification Units
   • LNG Quality and Gas Interchangeability
   • The Commercial Side of LNG in Outline
6. 6

   Hazards, Safety and the Environment

   • Cold Burns, Brittle Fracture and Asphyxiation
   • Fire Hazards: Pool Fires, Vapour Clouds and Jet Fires
   • LNG on Water and Rapid Phase Transition
   • Safety by Design: Standards and Layers of Protection
   • The Environmental Footprint and Methane Slip
   • Following One Cargo from Field to Burner