Деловой глоссарий

терминов: 125

A/B Testing

A method of comparing two versions of a webpage or app against each other to determine which one performs better.

Accounting

The process of recording financial transactions pertaining to a business.

Accrual

An accounting method where revenue or expenses are recorded when a transaction occurs rather than when payment is received or made.

Acquisition

When one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.

Agile

A project management methodology that uses short development cycles called 'sprints' to focus on continuous improvement in the development of a product or service.

Angel Investor

An individual who provides capital for a business start-up, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity.

Ansoff Matrix

A strategic planning tool that provides a framework to help executives, senior managers, and marketers devise strategies for future growth.

Appreciation

An increase in the value of an asset over time.

Arbitrage

The simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset to profit from an imbalance in the price.

Asset

A resource with economic value that an individual, corporation, or country owns or controls with the expectation that it will provide a future benefit.

B2B (Business-to-Business)

A business model where a company sells products or services to other businesses.

B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

A business model where a company sells products or services directly to individual consumers.

Balance Sheet

A financial statement that reports a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity at a specific point in time.

Benchmarking

The process of comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests or best practices from other companies.

Big Data

Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behavior and interactions.

Blue Ocean Strategy

The simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost to open up a new market space and create new demand.

Brand Equity

The value of a brand, based on consumer knowledge, perception, and loyalty.

Break-Even Point

The point at which total cost and total revenue are equal, meaning there is no loss or gain for your business.

Budget

An estimation of revenue and expenses over a specified future period of time.

Business Plan

A written document describing the nature of the business, the sales and marketing strategy, and the financial background, and containing a projected profit and loss statement.

Capital

Financial assets or the financial value of assets, such as cash and factories.

Cash Flow

The total amount of money being transferred into and out of a business, especially as affecting liquidity.

Change Management

A collective term for all approaches to prepare, support, and help individuals, teams, and organizations in making organizational change.

Cloud Computing

The delivery of different services through the Internet, including data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.

Collateral

An asset that a lender accepts as security for a loan.

Competitive Advantage

A condition or circumstance that puts a company in a favorable or superior business position.

Content Marketing

A marketing strategy focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience.

Core Competency

A company's defining capability or advantage that distinguishes it from its competitors.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

A business model by which companies make a concerted effort to operate in ways that enhance rather than degrade society and the environment.

Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

The direct costs of producing the goods sold by a company.

CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

Technology for managing all your company’s relationships and interactions with customers and potential customers.

Crowdfunding

The practice of funding a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.

Culture

The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

Dashboard

A type of graphical user interface which often provides at-a-glance views of key performance indicators (KPIs) relevant to a particular objective or business process.

Data Mining

The process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

Debt Financing

When a firm raises money for working capital or capital expenditures by selling debt instruments to individuals and/or institutional investors.

Delegation

The assignment of any responsibility or authority to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate) to carry out specific activities.

Demographics

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Depreciation

An accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life.

Disruption

Innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market-leading firms, products, and alliances.

E-commerce

The buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions.

Economies of Scale

The cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, with cost per unit of output decreasing with increasing scale.

Elevator Pitch

A short description of an idea, product, or company that explains the concept in a way that any listener can understand in a short period of time.

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

The capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.

Entrepreneur

An individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards.

Equity

The value of the shares issued by a company.

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

Business process management software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back-office functions.

Financial Statement

A formal record of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity.

Fixed Cost

Business costs, such as rent, that are constant whatever the quantity of goods or services produced.

Forecasting

The process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data.

Franchise

A type of license that grants a franchisee access to a franchisor's proprietary business knowledge, processes, and trademarks, thus allowing the franchisee to sell a product or service under the franchisor's business name.

Freemium

A business model where a company offers basic or limited features to users at no cost and then charges a premium for supplemental or advanced features.

Gantt Chart

A type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Gross Margin

The difference between revenue and cost of goods sold (COGS) divided by revenue.

Growth Hacking

A subfield of marketing focused on the rapid growth of a company.

Human Resources (HR)

The department of a business or organization that deals with the hiring, administration, and training of personnel.

Income Statement

A financial statement that reports a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period.

Incubator

An organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a full-scale range of services starting with management training and office space and ending with venture capital financing.

Innovation

The practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services.

Intellectual Property (IP)

A category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect.

Inventory

The goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of resale, production, or utilization.

Invoice

A commercial document that itemizes and records a transaction between a buyer and a seller.

Joint Venture

A business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task.

Kaizen

A Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement of working practices, personal efficiency, etc.

Key Performance Indicator (KPI)

A measurable value that demonstrates how effectively a company is achieving key business objectives.

Lean Manufacturing

A production method aimed primarily at reducing times within the production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers.

Liability

A company's financial debt or obligations that arise during the course of its business operations.

Liquidity

The ease with which an asset, or security, can be converted into ready cash without affecting its market price.

Logistics

The detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies.

Loss Leader

A pricing strategy where a product is sold at a price at or below its market cost to stimulate other sales of more profitable goods or services.

Market Capitalization (Market Cap)

The total market value of a company's outstanding shares.

Market Penetration

A measure of how much a product or service is being used by customers compared to the total estimated market for that product or service.

Market Share

The portion of a market controlled by a particular company or product.

Marketing

The action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising.

Merger

A deal to unite two existing companies into one new company.

Minimum Viable Product (MVP)

A version of a product with just enough features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development.

Mission Statement

A short statement of why an organization exists, what its overall goal is, identifying the goal of its operations.

Negotiation

A strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties find acceptable.

Net Income

An entity's income minus cost of goods sold, expenses, depreciation and amortization, interest, and taxes for an accounting period.

Networking

The exchange of information and ideas among people with a common profession or special interest, usually in an informal social setting.

Niche Market

The subset of the market on which a specific product is focused.

Offshoring

The relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting.

Onboarding

The mechanism through which new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors in order to become effective organizational members and insiders.

Operations Management

The administration of business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization.

Outsourcing

An agreement in which one company hires another company to be responsible for a planned or existing activity that is or could be done internally.

Overhead

The ongoing business expenses not directly attributed to creating a product or service.

Paradigm Shift

A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.

Partnership

A business structure in which two or more individuals manage and operate a business in accordance with the terms and objectives set out in a partnership deed.

Patent

A government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.

PEST Analysis

A management method whereby an organization can assess major external factors that influence its operation in order to become more competitive in the market.

Pitch Deck

A brief presentation, often created using PowerPoint, Keynote, or Prezi, used to provide your audience with a quick overview of your business plan.

Porter's Five Forces

A framework that identifies and analyzes the five competitive forces that shape every industry and helps determine an industry's weaknesses and strengths.

Procurement

The act of obtaining or buying goods and services.

Profit Margin

A ratio of a company's profit (sales minus all expenses) divided by its revenue.

Public Relations (PR)

The practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public.

Quality Assurance (QA)

The maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service or product, especially by means of attention to every stage of the process of delivery or production.

Quality Control (QC)

A system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by testing a sample of the output against the specification.

Quotation (Quote)

A formal statement of promising to do a job for a specified price.

Recruitment

The overall process of attracting, shortlisting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates for jobs (either permanent or temporary) within an organization.

Research and Development (R&D)

Work directed towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes.

Return on Investment (ROI)

A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments.

Revenue

The total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services related to the company's primary operations.

Risk Management

The process of identifying, assessing, and controlling threats to an organization's capital and earnings.

SaaS (Software as a Service)

A software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted.

Sales Funnel

The marketing term for the journey potential customers go through on the way to purchase.

Scalability

The capability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged to accommodate that growth.

SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

The process of improving the quality and quantity of website traffic to a website or a web page from search engines.

Six Sigma

A set of techniques and tools for process improvement.

Stakeholder

A party that has an interest in a company and can either affect or be affected by the business.

Startup

A young company founded by one or more entrepreneurs to develop a unique product or service and bring it to market.

Supply Chain Management

The management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products.

SWOT Analysis

A strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to business competition or project planning.

Target Audience

The particular group of people to which an advertisement, a product, a website, or a television or radio program is directed.

Trademark

A symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

Unique Selling Proposition (USP)

A factor that differentiates a product from its competitors, such as the lowest cost, the highest quality or the first-ever product of its kind.

User Experience (UX)

The overall experience of a person using a product such as a website or computer application, especially in terms of how easy or pleasing it is to use.

User Interface (UI)

The means by which the user and a computer system interact, in particular the use of input devices and software.

Valuation

The analytical process of determining the current (or projected) worth of an asset or a company.

Value Proposition

A promise of value to be delivered, communicated, and acknowledged. It is also a belief from the customer about how value (benefit) will be delivered, experienced, and acquired.

Variable Cost

A corporate expense that changes in proportion to production output.

Venture Capital

A form of private equity financing that is provided by venture capital firms or funds to startups, early-stage, and emerging companies that have been deemed to have high growth potential or which have demonstrated high growth.

Vision Statement

A company's road map, indicating both what the company wants to become and guiding transformational initiatives by setting a defined direction for the company's growth.

Working Capital

A measure of a company’s liquidity, operational efficiency and its short-term financial health.

Zero-Based Budgeting

A method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period.